The Tower of London is a historic castle located on the north bank of the River Thames in central London. Founded towards the end of 1066 as part of the Norman Conquest of England, the White Tower, which gives the entire castle its name, was built by William the Conqueror in 1078 and was a resented symbol of oppression, inflicted upon London by the new ruling elite.
Throughout its history, the site has served as a royal palace, a political prison, an armory, a treasury, a menagerie, and the home of the Royal Mint. It has played a prominent role in English history, serving as the site of numerous executions, including those of Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard, and currently houses the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom.
Key Facts
- Materials
- Kentish ragstone, Caen stone, Brick, Timber
- Civilization
- Norman / English
- Accessibility
- Partial accessibility; some historic areas have uneven surfaces and stairs
- Date(s)
- 1078 CE - 19th century
- Condition
- Well-preserved, active historic site and museum
- Original Function
- Royal fortress and palace
- Key Figures
- William the Conqueror, Henry VIII, Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth I
Norman Foundations
1066-1100Following his victory at the Battle of Hastings, William the Conqueror began construction of the White Tower to secure his control over London. It was designed to be both a defensive fortification and a statement of Norman authority.
Expansion and Royal Use
12th-14th centuryDuring the reigns of Richard the Lionheart and Henry III, the fortress was significantly expanded with the construction of the inner and outer curtain walls, transforming it into a formidable concentric castle.
Prison and Execution Site
15th-17th centuryThe Tower gained notoriety as a state prison for high-profile figures. It became the site of several high-profile executions during the Tudor period, cementing its reputation as a place of political intrigue and tragedy.
Modern Era
19th century - presentIn the modern era, the Tower transitioned from a military installation to a major tourist attraction and a protected heritage site. It continues to serve as the secure location for the Crown Jewels and is guarded by the Yeoman Warders.