The Walls of Thessaloniki are a series of defensive fortifications that once encircled the city, stretching approximately 7 kilometers in length. Originally constructed during the Roman period and significantly expanded during the Byzantine era, these walls served as the primary defense for the city against numerous sieges and invasions throughout late antiquity and the Middle Ages.
The fortifications include the Heptapyrgion, a Byzantine and Ottoman-era fortress located at the highest point of the city. While large sections of the walls were demolished in the late 19th century to facilitate urban expansion, significant portions remain, particularly in the Upper Town (Ano Poli), providing a tangible record of the city's strategic importance and architectural evolution.
Key Facts
- Materials
- Stone, Brick, Mortar
- Civilization
- Roman, Byzantine, Ottoman
- Accessibility
- Accessible via public streets; some sections involve steep terrain
- Date(s)
- 4th century CE - 15th century CE
- Condition
- Partially preserved, with significant sections remaining in the Upper Town
- Original Function
- City defense and fortification
- Key Figures
- Theodosius I, John V Palaiologos
Roman Foundations
4th century CEThe initial circuit of walls was commissioned by Emperor Theodosius I to protect the city, which had become a vital administrative and military center of the Roman Empire.
Byzantine Expansion
5th-14th centuryThe walls were repeatedly repaired and reinforced by Byzantine emperors to withstand attacks from Goths, Slavs, and Bulgarians. The Heptapyrgion was developed during this time as the city's acropolis.
Ottoman Modifications
1430-1912Following the Ottoman conquest, the walls were maintained and further fortified. The Heptapyrgion was converted into a prison, a function it served until the late 20th century.
Modern Preservation
20th century - presentFollowing the Great Fire of 1917 and subsequent urban planning, many sections were removed. Today, the remaining walls are protected as a UNESCO World Heritage site and undergo periodic restoration.