The Heptapyrgion, also known as Yedi Kule, is a Byzantine and Ottoman-era fortress situated on the northernmost point of the Acropolis of Thessaloniki. Its name, meaning 'Seven Towers,' refers to the prominent towers that define its silhouette, though the structure actually consists of ten towers integrated into the city's defensive walls.
The fortress served as the primary citadel for the city throughout the Byzantine period and was significantly modified following the Ottoman conquest in 1430. In the late 19th century, it was converted into a prison, a function it maintained until 1989. Today, it stands as a protected archaeological site offering panoramic views of the city and the Thermaic Gulf.
Key Facts
- Materials
- Stone masonry, Brick, Mortar
- Civilization
- Byzantine, Ottoman
- Accessibility
- Accessible via walking paths; some uneven terrain
- Date(s)
- 4th century CE - 15th century CE
- Condition
- Restored, archaeological site
- Original Function
- Citadel and defensive fortress
- Key Figures
- Theodosius I, John Palaiologos
Byzantine Foundations
4th - 12th centuryThe core of the fortress was constructed during the late Roman and early Byzantine periods to reinforce the city's defenses. It served as the acropolis of Thessaloniki, providing a secure refuge for the city's administration and military leadership.
Ottoman Expansion
15th - 19th centuryFollowing the Ottoman conquest of Thessaloniki in 1430, the fortress underwent significant renovations. The Ottomans reinforced the existing Byzantine walls and added new towers, solidifying its role as the Yedi Kule, the military headquarters for the local garrison.
Prison Era
1890 - 1989In the late 19th century, the fortress was repurposed as the city's main prison. During this period, the interior was heavily modified with cells and administrative buildings, housing both common criminals and political prisoners.
Modern Restoration
1989 - presentAfter the prison was closed in 1989, the site was transferred to the Ministry of Culture. Extensive archaeological excavations and restoration projects have since removed many of the prison-era additions to reveal the underlying Byzantine and Ottoman architectural layers.
Key Facts
- Materials
- Stone masonry, Brick, Mortar
- Civilization
- Byzantine, Ottoman
- Accessibility
- Accessible via walking paths; some uneven terrain