Mycenae was a major center of Greek civilization during the second millennium BCE, serving as the military and political hub of the Mycenaean culture. Situated on a rocky outcrop in the Argolid, the citadel controlled the surrounding plains and served as the seat of power for legendary rulers, including Agamemnon.
The site is characterized by its massive 'Cyclopean' masonry, named for the belief that only giants could have moved such enormous stone blocks. Key features include the Lion Gate, the monumental entrance to the citadel, and the Treasury of Atreus, a tholos tomb that demonstrates the advanced engineering and wealth of the Mycenaean elite.
Key Facts
- Materials
- Limestone, Conglomerate
- Civilization
- Mycenaean
- Accessibility
- Partially accessible; uneven terrain and steep paths
- Date(s)
- 1600 BCE - 1100 BCE
- Condition
- Archaeological site with preserved ruins
- Original Function
- Citadel and royal palace
- Key Figures
- Agamemnon, Heinrich Schliemann
Rise of the Citadel
1600-1400 BCEThe site emerged as a significant power center during the Late Helladic period. The construction of Grave Circles A and B indicates the presence of a wealthy, stratified society that established extensive trade networks across the Mediterranean.
Palatial Zenith
1400-1200 BCEMycenae reached its peak during this era, marked by the construction of the massive fortification walls, the Lion Gate, and the elaborate tholos tombs. The palace complex served as the administrative heart of a kingdom that dominated much of the Aegean.
Collapse and Abandonment
1200-1100 BCEThe palace was destroyed by fire around 1200 BCE, part of the broader Late Bronze Age collapse. While the site remained inhabited on a smaller scale for some time, it eventually lost its political significance and was largely abandoned.
Modern Rediscovery
1841-presentSystematic excavations began in the 19th century, most notably by Heinrich Schliemann in 1876. His discovery of the gold masks and rich grave goods brought international attention to the site and confirmed the historical basis for Homeric epics.
Key Facts
- Materials
- Limestone, Conglomerate
- Civilization
- Mycenaean
- Accessibility
- Partially accessible; uneven terrain and steep paths