The Gjirokastër Fortress is a massive fortification overlooking the historic city of Gjirokastër in southern Albania. Originally established in the 12th century, the site underwent significant expansions during the Ottoman period, particularly under the rule of Ali Pasha of Tepelena in the early 19th century. Its strategic position atop the Gjerë mountains allowed it to control the Drino Valley and serve as a vital defensive hub for the region.
The fortress complex includes a clock tower, a series of vaulted galleries, and a collection of historical artifacts, including a captured United States Air Force T-33 Shooting Star plane from the Cold War era. Today, the site functions as a museum and cultural venue, housing the Gjirokastër Museum of Weaponry and hosting the annual National Folklore Festival.
Key Facts
- Materials
- Limestone, Stone masonry
- Civilization
- Byzantine, Ottoman, Albanian
- Accessibility
- Steep incline, uneven stone paths
- Date(s)
- 12th century - 19th century
- Condition
- Well-preserved, active museum
- Original Function
- Military fortification
- Key Figures
- Ali Pasha of Tepelena, King Zog I
Early Foundations
12th centuryThe earliest fortifications were constructed during the Byzantine period, serving as a small citadel to protect the growing settlement on the hillside.
Ottoman Expansion
15th - 18th centuryFollowing the Ottoman conquest, the fortress was expanded to accommodate a larger garrison and administrative offices for the local sanjak.
The Ali Pasha Era
1810 - 1820Ali Pasha of Tepelena significantly transformed the fortress, adding the clock tower, the grand vaulted stone galleries, and reinforcing the defensive walls to their current imposing scale.
Modern Use
20th century - presentDuring the 20th century, the fortress served as a prison under the Zogist regime and later the communist government. It was subsequently converted into a museum and remains a central landmark of the UNESCO-protected historic center.